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合同的效力

  依法成立的合同,自成立时生效。法律、行政法规规定应当办理批准、登记等手续生效的,依照其规定。

  当事人对合同的效力可以约定附条件。附生效条件的合同,自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的合同,自条件成就时失效。当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的,视为条件已成就;不正当地促成条件成就的,视为条件不成就。

  当事人对合同的效力可以约定附期限。附生效期限的合同,自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的合同,自期限届满时失效。

  限制民事行为能力人订立的合同,经法定代理人追认后,该合同有效,但纯获利益的合同或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应而订立的合同,不必经法定代理人追认。相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的,视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前,善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

  行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立的合同,未经被代理人追认,对被代理人不发生效力,由行为人承担责任。

  相对人可以催告被代理人在一个月内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的,视为拒绝追认。合同被追认之前,善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。

  行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后以被代理人名义订立合同,相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的,该代理行为有效。

  法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同,除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外,该代表行为有效。

  无处分权的人处分他人财产,经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立合同后取得处分权的,该合同有效。

  有下列情形之一的,合同无效:

  (一)一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同,损害国家利益;

  (二)恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益;

  (三)以合法形式掩盖非法目的;

  (四)损害社会公共利益;

  (五)违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。

  合同中的下列免责条款无效:

  (一)造成对方人身伤害的;

  (二)因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。

  下列合同,当事人一方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销:

  (一)因重大误解订立的;

  (二)在订立合同时显失公平的。

  一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危,使对方在违背真实意思的情况下订立的合同,受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者撤销。

  当事人请求变更的,人民法院或者仲裁机构不得撤销。

  有下列情形之一的,撤销权消灭:

  (一)具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内没有行使撤销权;

  (二)具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为放弃撤销权。

  无效的合同或者被撤销的合同自始没有法律约束力。合同部分无效,不影响其他部分效力的,其他部分仍然有效。

  合同无效、被撤销或者终止的,不影响合同中独立存在的有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。

  合同无效或者被撤销后,因该合同取得的财产,应当予以返还;不能返还或者没有必要返还的,应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方因此所受到的损失,双方都有过错的,应当各自承担相应的责任。

  当事人恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的,因此取得的财产收归国家所有或者返还集体、第三人。
 

 

EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTRACTS

  The contract established according to law becomes effective when it is established.

  With regard to contracts which are subject to approval or registration as provided for by the laws or administrative regulations, the provisions thereof shall be followed.

  The parties may agree on some collateral conditions relating to the effectiveness of a contract. The contract with entry-into-force conditions shall be effective when such conditions are accomplished. The contract with dissolving conditions shall be null and void when such conditions are accomplished.

  To unfairly prevent the conditions from being accomplished by one party for its own interests shall be regarded as those conditions have been accomplished. To unfairly promoting the accomplishment of such conditions by one party shall be regarded as non-accomplishment.

  The parties may agree on a conditional time period as to the effectiveness of the contract. A contract subject to an effective time period shall come into force when the period expires. A contract with termination time period shall become invalid when the period expires.

  A contract concluded by a person with limited civil capacity of conduct shall be effective after being ratified afterwards by the person's statutory agent, but a pure profit-making contract or a contract concluded which is appropriate to the person's age, intelligence or mental health conditions need not be ratified by the person's statutory agent.

  The counterpart may urge the statutory agent to ratify the contract within one month. It shall be regarded as a refusal of ratification that the statutory agent does not make any expression. A bona fide counterpart has the right to withdraw it before the contract is ratified. The withdrawal shall be made by means of notice.

  A contract concluded by an actor who has no power of agency, who oversteps the power of agency, or whose power of agency has expired and yet concludes it on behalf of the principal, shall have no legally binding force on the principal without ratification by the principal, and the actor shall be held liable.

  The counterpart may urge the principal to ratify it within one month. It shall be regarded as a refusal of ratification that the principal does not make any expression. A bona fide counterpart has the right to withdraw it before the contract is ratified. The withdrawal shall be made by means of notice.

  If an actor has no power of agency, oversteps the power of agency, or the power of agency has expired and yet concludes a contract in the principal's name, and the counterpart has reasons to trust that the actor has the power of agency, the act of agency shall be effective.

  Where a statutory representative or a responsible person of a legal person or other organization oversteps his/her power and concludes a contract, the representative act shall be effective except that the counterpart knows or ought to know that he/she is overstepping his/her powers.

  Where a person having no right to disposal of property disposes of other persons' properties, and the principal ratifies the act afterwards or the person without power of disposal has obtained the power after concluding a contract, the contract shall be valid.

  A contract shall be null and void under any of the following circumstances:

  (1) A contract is concluded through the use of fraud or coercion by one party to damage the interests of the State;

  (2) Malicious collusion is conducted to damage the interests of the State, a collective or a third party;

  (3) An illegitimate purpose is concealed under the guise of legitimate acts;

  (4) Damaging the public interests;

  (5) Violating the compulsory provisions of the laws and administrative regulations.

  The following immunity clauses in a contract shall be null and void:

  (1) those that cause personal injury to the other party;

  (2) those that cause property damages to the other party as a result of deliberate intent or gross fault.

  A party shall have the right to request the people's court or an arbitration institution to modify or revoke the following contracts:

  (1) those concluded as a result of serious misunderstanding;

  (2) those that are obviously unfair at the time when concluding the contract.

  If a contract is concluded by one party against the other party's true intentions through the use of fraud, coercion or exploitation of the other party's unfavorable position, the injured party shall have the right to request the people's court or an arbitration institution to modify or revoke it.

  Where a party requests for modification, the people's court or the arbitration institution may not revoke the contract.

  The right to revoke a contract shall extinguish under any of the following circumstances:

  (1) A party having the right to revoke the contract fails to exercise the right within one year from the day that it knows or ought to know the revoking causes;

  (2) A party having the right to revoke the contract explicitly expresses or conducts an act to waive the right after it knows the revoking causes.

  A contract that is null and void or revoked shall have no legally binding force ever from the very beginning. If part of a contract is null and void without affecting the validity of the other parts, the other parts shall still be valid.

  If a contract is null and void, revoked or terminated, it shall not affect the validity of the dispute settlement clause which is independently existing in the contract.

  The property acquired as a result of a contract shall be returned after the contract is confirmed to be null and void or has been revoked; where the property can not be returned or the return is unnecessary, it shall be reimbursed at its estimated price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for losses incurred as a result therefrom. If both parties are at fault, each party shall respectively be liable.

  If the parties have maliciously conducted collusion to damage the interests of the State, a collective or a third party, the property thus acpuired shall be turned over to the State or returned to the collective or the third party.